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  • Go Beyond the Lab with ASTM G50

    Go Beyond the Lab with ASTM G50

    Why ASTM G50 Should Be the Gold Standard for Atmospheric Corrosion Testing

    When evaluating how metals and alloys will perform in real-world conditions, choosing the right test method is crucial. While accelerated laboratory tests have their place, the superior method for determining true, long-term atmospheric corrosion resistance is ASTM G50: Standard Practice for Conducting Atmospheric Corrosion Tests on Metals.

    This testing helps product manufacturers, metallurgical companies, and end users understand the wear and corrosion behavior of specified materials.

    What is ASTM G50?

    ASTM G50 is a comprehensive standard that outlines the general procedures and conditions for exposing metal panels and alloys to real-world weather and atmospheric conditions.

    • Objective: To evaluate the corrosion resistance of metals when exposed to the weather and to assess the relative corrosivity of the atmosphere at specific testing locations.
    • Methodology: It involves placing test panels in defined outdoor exposure sites to accumulate data for comparison purposes.
    • Key Consideration: Recognizing the highly variable and complex nature of the atmosphere (weather effects, industrial factors, natural elements), the standard recommends a multi-year exposure period to minimize the influence of short-term variations and provide a reliable assessment.
    • Quality Control: It mandates the use of control specimens—materials with established weathering characteristics—to ensure the test results are meaningful and comparable.

    The Real-World Relevance of ASTM G50

    The most significant advantage of ASTM G50 is its direct correlation to how a material will actually perform in service.

    • True Corrosivity Data: By exposing materials to actual rain, humidity, temperature cycles, UV light, pollution, and natural salt deposits, the test captures the synergistic effect of these variables. This provides data that is inherently more relevant than data from conditions simulated in a controlled environment.
    • Long-Term Performance: The test accounts for seasonal variability and requires multi-year exposure. The results are highly reliable for predicting a material’s long-term durability and lifespan in a specific atmospheric environment.
    • Material Selection and Site Evaluation:
      • It helps determine the most suitable metal or protective coating for products used outdoors (e.g., in construction, automotive, or infrastructure).
      • It can also be used to evaluate and compare the inherent corrosivity of different geographical locations before large-scale projects are built.

    Why ASTM G50 is Superior to ASTM B117 (Salt Spray)

    When the goal is to predict real-world atmospheric performance, ASTM G50 offers a level of fidelity that the commonly used ASTM B117, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus, cannot match.

    While ASTM B117 (often called the salt fog or salt spray test) is a valuable tool for quality control and detecting gross material defects, it is fundamentally an accelerated laboratory test with severe limitations for performance prediction.

    FeatureASTM G50 (Atmospheric Corrosion)ASTM B117 (Salt Spray/Fog)
    Test EnvironmentReal-world weather (rain, sun, temperature cycles, natural contaminants).Controlled, high-humidity fog of 5% neutral salt solution at constant temperature.
    RelevanceHighly correlated with real-world, long-term outdoor performance.Seldom correlated with performance in natural environments when used as stand-alone data.
    Test DurationTypically multi-year (e.g., 1, 3, 5 years).Typically measured in hours or days (e.g., 24, 100, 1000 hours).
    PurposeEvaluates true corrosion resistance and atmospheric corrosivity.Provides relative corrosion resistance information for comparison in a given test chamber.
    LimitationHigh variability if exposure time is too short.Poor predictability for long-term outdoor use without corroborating field data.

    As the ASTM B117 significance section notes, “Prediction of performance in natural environments has seldom been correlated with salt spray results when used as stand-alone data.” Furthermore, correlation should be considered “only in cases where appropriate corroborating long-term atmospheric exposures have been conducted.”

    The ultimate “corroborating long-term atmospheric exposure” is, in essence, an ASTM G50-style test. The salt spray test simply does not replicate the complex, cyclic drying/wetting, UV exposure, and contamination effects that occur naturally. It creates a highly specific, controlled environment, which is why its results often fail to translate to the real-world performance engineers truly need to know.

    Coat Zone and ASTM G50

    Despite completing 6,000 hours of B117 testing, we believe the G50 evaluation provides a stronger case for the efficacy of CoilSafe®, which is why we conducted an ASTM G50-style marine exposure evaluation. This evaluation included 25,000 hours of natural marine exposure on Galveston Island, one of the harshest coastal environments. Third-party reporting showed that CoilSafe® exhibited complete corrosion resistance, whereas the uncoated coil on the same rooftop showed extensive deterioration consistent with chloride-driven corrosion. Learn more about the results of this evaluation here.

    Final Thoughts

    For any material designed to withstand the elements, relying solely on an accelerated lab test such as ASTM B117 is a risk. ASTM G50 provides the necessary rigor and realism by testing materials in their actual operating environment: the open atmosphere. By adhering to its procedures—including using controls and committing to multi-year exposures—companies can gain confidence that their material’s performance data is not only fast but also accurate.

    Sources

  • Reviving Aging Infrastructure Through Retrofits

    Reviving Aging Infrastructure Through Retrofits

    When overseeing vast portfolios of aging infrastructure, a critical challenge looms: the degradation of asset value driven by deteriorating Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and unsustainable energy costs. While the initial impulse may be to prioritize costly, full-system replacements, the smart, sustainable solution lies in strategic retrofitting, specifically targeting the core failure point: your HVAC system.

    The reality is that legacy buildings must compete with modern, high-performance facilities. When tenants and occupants prioritize health and efficiency, an aging asset with compromised air quality and skyrocketing utility bills quickly becomes a liability. This is particularly true in the post-pandemic era, where IAQ has become a non-negotiable metric of building quality and resilience.

    The Dual Threat for Aging Infrastructure: Corrosion and Contamination

    According to Buildings magazine, older infrastructure presents significant IAQ challenges stemming from its foundational systems. The most critical issue lies within the HVAC coils and internal components. Over time, these systems face a dual threat:

    1. Corrosion and Efficiency Loss: In environments with high humidity or industrial pollutants, evaporator and condenser coils are prone to corrosion and fouling. This degradation weakens the critical bond between the fins and the copper tubing, severely impeding heat transfer. An inefficient coil forces the HVAC system to run longer and harder, wasting energy and accelerating equipment wear.
    2. Microbial Contamination: Damp, aged coil surfaces become ideal breeding grounds for mold, mildew, and bacteria. When the HVAC system is the source of contamination, poor IAQ becomes unavoidable, as it circulates particulate matter and potentially harmful biological agents throughout the occupied space. This directly impacts occupant health and productivity, diminishing the asset’s value.

    For an asset owner, replacing an entire HVAC system is often prohibitively expensive and disruptive. The alternative targeted, high-performance retrofit strategy is essential for achieving modern performance metrics without the massive capital outlay.

    The High-ROI Retrofit: A Solution-Focused Approach for Aging Infrastructure

    Coat Zone’s advanced coatings are engineered to transform existing HVAC units into high-performance, long-life assets. This makes them the cornerstone of an intelligent retrofit strategy for aging infrastructure. Our solutions offer a proven path to simultaneously recover efficiency and dramatically improve IAQ.

    1. IAQ and Efficiency Recovery with CoilSafe Plus®

    To address the internal threats to efficiency and health, we recommend CoilSafe Plus®. This proprietary, ultra-thin, inorganic coating is applied directly to the coils. It then wicks deep into the structure to restore the critical heat transfer bond.

    • Efficiency: By restoring heat transfer, CoilSafe Plus® can help bring systems closer to their original factory efficiency. This often results in measurable reductions in kilowatt-hour usage and lower operating costs—the goal of any successful retrofit.
    • IAQ and Corrosion Defense: As an antimicrobial solution, CoilSafe Plus® creates a glass-like barrier that resists the adhesion of mold, mildew, bacteria, dirt, and debris. This permanent defense fights coil fouling and preserves optimal airflow. It also directly addresses the primary source of biological contaminants within the HVAC system, thereby improving IAQ for aging infrastructure.

    2. Asset Preservation with ThermalBlock™

    For units exposed to the elements, our ThermalBlock™ coating provides the external defense necessary to complete the retrofit. Applied to exterior cabinets and ductwork, this thermal radiant barrier blocks up to 93% of solar heat. By reducing the thermal load on the unit’s exterior, ThermalBlock™ reduces HVAC run-time, significantly extending the unit’s useful life and lowering energy consumption, especially during peak demand periods.

    The combination of internal protection (CoilSafe Plus®) and external thermal defense (ThermalBlock™) delivers an integrated, lasting retrofit solution that costs a fraction of unit replacement while providing a rapid, measurable ROI.

    Secure Your Consultation Today

    Leaders in the infrastructure sector cannot afford to let their aging assets become financial or health liabilities. A strategic HVAC retrofit using advanced coatings is the definitive way to improve IAQ, reduce energy consumption, and extend the lifespan of your critical equipment.

    Don’t wait for the inevitable costly replacement cycle. Engage in a solution-focused conversation about protecting and optimizing your portfolio.

    Schedule a consultation with Coat Zone and one of our approved dealers today to learn how our coatings can secure your asset’s future.

    Sources

    1. Buildings. Breathing New Life into Old Buildings: Addressing Indoor Air Quality Challenges in Aging Infrastructure. [https://www.buildings.com/resiliency-sustainability/health-wellness-iaq/article/55323230/breathing-new-life-into-old-buildings-addressing-indoor-air-quality-challenges-in-aging-infrastructure].

  • Securing Data Centers for the AI Revolution in the Gulf States

    Securing Data Centers for the AI Revolution in the Gulf States

    In the infrastructure sector, the vision for the future is clear: massive digital expansion powered by AI. The Gulf States are at the epicenter of this transformation. They are projected to add over 200 new data centers by 2030. This represents a total commitment expected to exceed $20 billion USD in digital infrastructure.

    Yet, the entire success of this digital leap rests on a critical, often-overlooked foundation: the HVAC systems. In an environment defined by extreme heat and coastal salinity, protecting the cooling infrastructure is not just an operational necessity. It is the ultimate determinant of a data center’s profitability, resilience, and capacity to handle the next generation of computing.

    The Unseen Burden on Data Centers

    The sheer scale of regional expansion means cooling demand is expected to triple by 2030, skyrocketing the required HVAC capacity to between 1.2–1.4 GW. In a data center, cooling is the single largest energy consumer, typically accounting for 30–50% of the total energy use.

    This large cooling requirement generates an immediate financial and environmental burden:

    • Massive Capital Investment: The forecasted regional investment in HVAC systems for these new facilities is an estimated $3.5–4 billion USD between 2025 and 2030.
    • Grid Strain and Opex: Running these systems will require an estimated 7–10 TWh annually by 2030. In a region often reliant on fossil-heavy grids, this power consumption could generate an additional 5–7 million metric tons of CO₂ annually.

    Failing to implement a proactive strategy means accepting high operating costs, short equipment lifecycles, and significant carbon liability. The intense heat of the Gulf States, combined with corrosive conditions, causes conventional equipment to break down more quickly, forcing operators into costly, recurring replacement cycles.

    The Solution: Re-Engineering Efficiency with Coat Zone Coatings

    The challenge is not simply about finding a new cooling unit. It’s about re-engineering the existing assets to perform at peak efficiency under the world’s harshest conditions. Coat Zone offers advanced HVAC coatings designed to solve the core problems of corrosion, thermal degradation, and lost efficiency.

    1. Internal Coil Protection: Restoring Core Performance

    CoilSafe® is our thin-film, inorganic coating made for the heart of your cooling system: the heat exchanger coils. Unlike traditional coatings that are thick and impede heat exchange, CoilSafe® is ultra-thin at just 8–10 microns, roughly 40 times thinner than standard coatings.

    This precision engineering allows it to form a permanent, covalent bond with the coil metal. CoilSafe® also restores the critical bond between the fin shoulder and copper tubing that loosens with age. The result is measurable, immediate performance recovery, with systems often showing an improvement of up to 10% in HVAC efficiency. CoilSafe® is also antimicrobial, resisting the mold, mildew, and bacteria that compound inefficiency and impact air quality.

    2. External Thermal Defense: Blocking the Heat

    In the soaring temperatures of the Gulf States, solar heat gain on exterior cabinet surfaces forces units to run longer and harder.

    ThermalBlock™ is a high-performance thermal radiant barrier applied to the exterior cabinets, exposed ductwork, and rooftops. It reflects solar radiation before it can heat the equipment, a passive defense that is immediately effective. ThermalBlock™ is proven to block up to 93% of solar heat. This reduces surface temperatures to within 10°F of ambient air temperature. Keeping the cabinet cooler reduces HVAC run-time, leading to lower energy consumption and less wear on the system components.

    The AI Imperative: High-Efficiency as a Foundation

    The future of data centers is synonymous with AI. These high-density, compute-intensive operations create unprecedented thermal loads. Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) is the gold standard for efficiency. The immense power consumption of AI and Machine Learning (ML) hardware directly threatens PUE targets.

    The efficiency gains delivered by Coat Zone’s coatings are foundational to supporting a future of AI-driven computing:

    • Enabling Density: Operators can safely increase rack density and support the cooling needs of cutting-edge AI hardware by ensuring HVAC coils operate at peak efficiency and cabinet temperatures are minimized.
    • Optimizing PUE: The adoption of advanced coating solutions can lower the energy consumption and related carbon emissions from HVAC in new data centers by 20–30%. This directly translates to lower PUE and superior performance reporting for shareholders and regulatory bodies.

    This isn’t just about protection; it’s about an integrated, science-backed strategy that allows your digital infrastructure to support the massive computational demands of the AI era.

    Schedule Your Consultation

    The time to secure your digital future is now. Delaying protection in extreme environments means sacrificing efficiency, inviting corrosion, and accepting unnecessary capital replacement costs. To ensure your investment in new or existing data centers is future-proof and ready for the demands of AI, you must move beyond conventional strategies.

    Coat Zone and its approved dealers offer a clear path to securing your cooling infrastructure, drastically reducing operational expenditure, and aligning your digital growth in the Gulf States with sustainability goals.

    To learn more about how CoilSafe® and ThermalBlock™ can deliver rapid ROI for your next project, schedule a consultation with our team today.

    Don’t just build a data center. Build a resilient one that powers the future of AI.

  • Beyond the Grid

    Beyond the Grid

    Why Data Center Location Is the Ultimate High-Stakes Decision

    The modern world runs on data, and data runs on data centers. These digital factories are the most important industrial real estate of our time. When a company decides where to plant one of these multi-million, sometimes multi-billion, dollar facilities, it is one of the most consequential decisions they will ever make.

    A data center’s location is not a simple choice. The choice is a high-stakes calculation that balances risk, cost, and access to essential resources. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cloud computing explode, the demands placed on these facilities are higher than ever, pushing site selectors into challenging geographic areas.

    For builders and operators, understanding the core factors driving these location choices is critical—and so is preparing the HVAC infrastructure to survive the inevitable environmental trade-offs.

    The Unholy Trinity: Three Non-Negotiable Data Center Location Selection Factors

    The process of choosing a data center site is a game of compromise. There are three core factors that are non-negotiable for success [1, 2].

    1. Power: The Unquenchable Thirst 

    The most important factor is the availability of reliable, affordable, and sustainable power. Data centers, particularly those supporting AI and high-performance computing, are massive consumers of electricity. A typical cloud data center can consume the power of tens of thousands of homes.

    • Why it’s essential: Without a stable, redundant connection to an affordable grid, the center cannot operate profitably or reliably. The demand for low-carbon energy also pushes operators toward regions with abundant renewable resources like hydro, wind, or solar power [5].

    2. Connectivity: The Fiber Lifeline 

    A data center is useless if it’s not connected to the internet’s global nervous system. Site selectors prioritize proximity to major fiber optic routes and internet exchange points to ensure low latency (the speed at which data travels).

    • Why it’s essential: For applications ranging from financial trading to streaming, a delay of milliseconds can mean failure. High-quality, redundant, and diverse fiber access ensures the data center can serve its customers efficiently and remain operational if a single line is cut [2, 4].

    3. Risk and Resilience: Battling Mother Nature 

    Power and connectivity draw data centers to densely populated or resource-rich areas. However, the need for resilience pushes them away from high-risk zones. Locations prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or floods, are often avoided [3].

    • Why it’s essential: Downtime is catastrophic. A strong location strategy requires mitigating physical risk, including avoiding sites near flight paths, chemical plants, or known fault lines [4].

    The Unavoidable Trade-Off: Data Center Location Risk

    In the pursuit of low-cost power and fiber access, data centers are often forced to choose locations with unavoidable environmental challenges. A prime example is the trend of building in coastal regions (for transatlantic fiber) or near hydro-power dams (for cheap energy).

    These strategic choices expose critical HVAC systems to major threats that undermine efficiency and reliability:

    1. High Humidity and Condensation: Coastal locations or those with aggressive cooling strategies (like using large amounts of evaporated water) result in high ambient humidity. This promotes condensation on cold surfaces like cooling coils, ductwork, and air handling unit casings. This moisture is the breeding ground for mold and corrosion [3].
    2. Airborne Contaminants: Locations near industrial centers or coastlines introduce corrosive elements (like salt spray or industrial pollutants) into the cooling air stream. These contaminants attack unprotected metal surfaces, leading to micro-organism growth, fouling, and ultimately, system failure.

    The data center faces premature equipment failure, reduced thermal transfer efficiency (leading to higher energy bills), and a compromised indoor environment if the negative factors aren’t addressed.

    Coating the Core: Mitigating Location Risk with Coat Zone

    Coat Zone’s specialized protective coatings are engineered to directly counter the environmental damage from strategic location choices. They help ensure the HVAC infrastructure lives as long as the digital infrastructure it serves.

    CoilSafe and CoilSafe Plus: Protecting the Heart of Cooling

    The most vulnerable component in any data center is the cooling coil because it is constantly exposed to the air.

    • How they help: CoilSafe and CoilSafe Plus create a durable, ultra-thin barrier that is antimicrobial and highly resistant to environmental corrosion. In coastal or industrial environments salt and pollutants accelerate coil degradation. Our coatings prevent fouling and microbial growth (mold and bacteria) that would otherwise compromise both air quality and thermal transfer. CoilSafe and CoilSafe Plus maintain peak thermal efficiency to directly support continuous, affordable cooling.

    ThermalBlock: Stopping Condensation and Corruption

    Applied to the exterior of air handling units, chilled water piping, or plenum surfaces, ThermalBlock addresses the solar heat load challenge head-on.

    • How it helps: ThermalBlock acts as a superior thermal barrier, blocking up to 93% of solar heat, instantly reducing surface temperatures to within 10°F of the surrounding air, even in peak summer conditions.

    The decision on where to place a data center can be driven by fiber and power. But, the resilience of that investment is determined by the protective measures taken against the chosen location’s environment. Coat Zone ensures that the essential cooling systems, the very lungs of the data center, are protected and optimized, no matter where they are built.

    Sources:

    1. Does it Matter Where My Data Center is Located? DataCenters.com. https://www.datacenters.com/news/does-it-matter-where-my-data-center-is-located
    2. How Important Is Location When Choosing a Data Center? Data Center Knowledge. https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/data-center-site-selection/how-important-is-location-when-choosing-a-data-center-
    3. Data Center Location Strategy: The Key Considerations. TierPoint. https://www.tierpoint.com/blog/data-center-location-strategy/
    4. 5 Considerations for Choosing Data Center Locations. Equinix Blog. https://blog.equinix.com/blog/2024/08/06/5-considerations-for-choosing-data-center-locations/
    5. AI Data Centers: Which Factors Determine Their Location? American Action Forum. https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/ai-data-centers-which-factors-determine-their-location/
  • IAQ is Dead, Long Live IEQ

    IAQ is Dead, Long Live IEQ

    Why the Industry’s Focus Has Shifted from Air to the Total Environment

    For years, the HVAC and building management industries have rallied around the critical importance of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). And rightly so. The quality of the air we breathe has a profound impact on health and productivity. However, as we move into a new era of building design centered on human well-being, the conversation has expanded. Today, the focus is squarely on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), and leading industry bodies are making this comprehensive approach a priority.

    As a valued partner in optimizing building performance, Coat Zone understands that simply improving the air is no longer enough. Here is why IEQ represents the future of healthy, high-performing buildings and how our specialized solutions can help you meet this evolving standard.

    IEQ vs. IAQ: Understanding the Crucial Difference

    While often used interchangeably, IAQ and IEQ are fundamentally distinct. Think of IAQ as a critical subset of the larger, all-encompassing concept of IEQ.

    MetricFocusKey Components
    Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)The air we breathe.Pollutants (VOCs, particulates, carbon dioxide), pathogens (mold, bacteria), ventilation, and humidity.
    Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)The total experience inside a building.IAQ, Thermal Comfort (temperature, humidity), Lighting (daylight, glare), and Acoustics (noise control).

    IAQ specifically addresses the air’s health and comfort. It is about reducing concentrations of contaminants and ensuring adequate fresh air exchange.

    IEQ, on the other hand, is a holistic measure of the overall conditions inside a building that affect occupant health, comfort, and productivity [1, 2, 3]. It encompasses all the factors that impact human well-being. An environment with excellent air quality but poor lighting or uncomfortable temperature is still considered to have poor IEQ [4].

    The New Industry Mandate: ASHRAE’s Focus on IEQ

    This shift from a singular focus on air to a holistic view of the environment is being championed at the highest levels of the industry. The current ASHRAE President, Bill McQuade, has made IEQ the central theme of their 2025-2026 term under the initiative “Healthy Buildings: Designing for Life.” [5]

    ASHRAE’s focus stresses that the industry must move beyond simply reducing energy consumption. While decades of work have successfully improved energy efficiency, these measures have sometimes had the unintended consequence of negatively impacting the indoor climate. This new mandate calls on professionals to champion solutions that successfully balance energy efficiency with excellent IEQ. By integrating principles that address thermal comfort, lighting, acoustics, and air quality simultaneously, we ensure that buildings are not only environmentally sustainable but also conducive to the health and productivity of the people inside them [5].

    Coat Zone Solutions for Comprehensive IAQ and IEQ

    At Coat Zone, our specialized products are engineered to provide direct, measurable contributions across multiple IEQ pillars. This ensures your HVAC systems are optimized not just for energy, but for life.

    1. CoilSafe and CoilSafe Plus: Optimizing IAQ and Thermal Comfort

    HVAC cooling coils are ground zero for two of the biggest threats to IEQ: biological growth and inefficient temperature control.

    • Direct IAQ Contribution: CoilSafe and CoilSafe Plus are designed to prevent the proliferation of mold, mildew, and bacteria that thrive on wet coil surfaces. By eliminating these microbial contaminants at their source, we drastically reduce the concentration of airborne pathogens and odors circulated throughout the building, ensuring cleaner air for occupants.
    • Thermal Comfort IEQ Contribution: A coil free of biofilm is an efficient coil. By maintaining optimal heat transfer performance, CoilSafe and CoilSafe Plus enable your HVAC system to meet precise cooling and dehumidification setpoints without strain. This translates directly to enhanced thermal comfort, reducing the risk of stuffy, humid, or improperly cooled spaces, which are key components of IEQ.

    2. ThermalBlock: Enhancing Thermal Comfort, IAQ, and Acoustics

    Our specialized thermal barrier coating, ThermalBlock, impacts the built environment on multiple fronts.

    • Thermal Comfort IEQ Contribution: Applied to air handling unit casings, plenums, or ductwork, ThermalBlock provides a superior thermal barrier. This minimizes surface temperature fluctuations and prevents undesirable heat transfer, making it easier for the system to maintain stable zone temperatures and eliminate cold spots or drafts that cause occupant dissatisfaction.
    • IAQ Contribution (Condensation Control): By reflecting solar radiation before it can increase surface temperatures, ThermalBlock effectively eliminates condensation caused by cold air meeting hot metal. Condensation is the prerequisite for mold growth, meaning ThermalBlock is a proactive measure against moisture intrusion and mold proliferation, safeguarding IAQ.

    The Path Forward

    The future of high-performance buildings is focused on the whole human experience. Embracing IEQ is not just about meeting a standard; it’s about investing in the productivity, health, and peace of mind of every occupant. By leveraging comprehensive solutions like CoilSafe, CoilSafe Plus, and ThermalBlock, you ensure your HVAC systems are powerful contributors to the holistic health model that ASHRAE is now advocating for. Don’t settle for merely acceptable IAQ; strive for exceptional IEQ.

    Sources:

    1. IAQ Versus IEQ: What’s the difference? Consulting-Specifying Engineer. https://www.csemag.com/iaq-versus-ieq-whats-the-difference/
    2. IEQ vs IAQ: What’s the Difference? Trane Commercial HVAC. https://www.trane.com/commercial/north-america/us/en/about-us/newsroom/blogs/ieq-vs-iaq-whats-the-difference.html
    3. Understanding Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) versus Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in Hospitals. AMI Environmental. https://amienvironmental.com/understanding-indoor-environmental-quality-ieq-versus-indoor-air-quality-iaq-in-hospitals/
    4. What Are IAQ and IEQ? Buildings. https://www.buildings.com/resiliency-sustainability/health-wellness-iaq/article/55130336/what-are-iaq-and-ieq
    5. ASHRAE President. ASHRAE. https://www.ashrae.org/about/yea-presidential-initiative-challenge